THE CONSTITUTION OF THE SUN AND
STARS
Carl Frederick Krafft
According to the accredited science of today,
the sun and stars are gaseous bodies with temperatures of
millions of degrees inside. The scientific profession is so sure
of this that anybody who thinks otherwise is simply not given a
chance to be heard, although a simple calculation under the gas
laws will show that any celestial body similar to the sun, and
with a density approximately equal to that of ocean water, would
explode immediately if heated to a temperature of millions of
degrees centigrade.
Our sun is just an average star, and a mere glance at it should
be sufficient to convince anybody that it cannot be gaseous
inside. A ball of gas would not have a sharp circular outline
like the periphery of the sun. Gaseous clouds do exist elsewhere
in the universe, but they do not appear as suns or stars. The
periphery of the sun does, however, bear a remarkable resemblance
to a horizon of ocean water. This conclusion is further
corroborated by the density of the sun which is just slightly
greater than that of ocean water--exactly what would be expected
if the sun consists mainly of water, but with a solid core at the
center.
If the heat from the sun really came from a hot interior, then as
the late Dr. Hermann Fricke of Germany has pointed out, sunspots
should be incandescent and not dark. Numerous photographs have
been taken of sunspots from all angles, and these photographs
show beyond any possibility of a doubt that sunspots are nothing
else than splashes in the luminous layer. The luminous material
is thrown to the sides, leaving a wide open hole at the center
through which the dark interior of the sun can be viewed--perhaps
not absolutely dark, but much darker that the luminous surface
with its temperature of 6000 degrees. According to all authentic
science of today, we are supposed to believe that within this
dark interior there is raging a temperature of 50,000,000
degrees! It is just too much for the writer to swallow.
The heat of the sun is probably generated by bombardment of its
outer atmosphere by cosmic rays consisting of subatomic particles
drawn in by the gravitational force of the sun. We have a similar
heated layer in the upper atmosphere of our earth where cosmic
ray intensity is much greater and the temperature is hundreds of
degrees higher than at the surface of the earth. Since the
gravitational force at the surface of the sun is thirty times
that at the surface of the earth, it is not difficult on this
basis to account for the 6000 degree temperature at the surface
of the sun, without making any fantastic assumptions of interior
temperatures of millions of degrees.
A hot outer atmosphere would not necessarily heat up the interior
of the sun, as has often been argued. Heat can travel only by
radiation, conduction, or convection. Radiation is stopped
immediately by even the thinnest layers of opaque material, and
conduction through thousands of miles of poorly conducting
material is a very slow process. There remains then only
convection, and in a gravitational field the effect of convection
is always to produce stratification--the hotter masses rising to
the top and the cooler masses sinking to the bottom. If now we
make the reasonable assumption that the effect of convection is
greater than the combined effect of radiation and conduction,
then any large celestial body with sufficient water on it should
act like an automatic refrigerator--its interior remaining cool
indefinitely notwithstanding the generation of heat on its
surface. Some of the water on the surface of the sun will
undoubtedly be evaporated by the intense heat, and may even
become dissociated into oxygen and hydrogen, but the reverse of
these processes will also occur, until a condition of equilibrium
has been established. The ultimate result will be a gigantic
turbulence on the surface of the sun, such as can be observed any
time, but which will leave the interior of the sun unaffected.
The cosmic rays which are drawn in by gravitational force consist
mainly of subatomic particles such as protons, electrons and
neutrons. If these are clusters of vortex rings which were
produced in the interstellar ether by the turbulence of light and
heat waves, then we have here a cyclic process which could go on
indefinitely. The energy which leaves the sun and stars in the
form of light and heat radiation is again returned to them in the
form of cosmic ray particles, and any matter which is annihilated
during this process is similarly returned from interstellar
space.
Annandale, Virginia February, 1961.
NOTE: Sunspots are not caused by explosions from
inside the sun because they would then be covered by huge clouds
similar to the mushroom clouds of atomic explosions.
FURTHER COMMENTS:
Recent photographs taken from a high altitude balloon
have shown most clearly that sunspots are definitely splashes,
and a well defined splash cannot be produced in a gas but only on
the surface of a liquid. The surface of the sun, except for its
gaseous atmosphere, must therefore be liquid.
The darkness of sunspots has at times been attributed to large
masses of condensate plunging into the hot gaseous surface of the
sun and cooling the gases locally. If this were the true
explanation, then it would be difficult to explain, not only the
splash itself, but also the granular formation of the luminous
material which has every appearance of clouds in the sun's
atmosphere. If the heat and light of the sun really does come
from its interior, then it would be the spaces between the clouds
which should be luminous, and not the clouds themselves.
Photographs however have clearly shown that whenever adjacent
clouds (luminous granules) leave tiny openings between them, the
space behind them thus exposed is always relatively dark--never
luminous or incandescent.
The luminosity of these cloudlike granules is probably produced
by cosmic protons and neutrons drawn into the sun's outer
atmosphere by gravitational force and condensing into helium ions
or atoms. We do not need to assume that such cosmic protons and
neutrons are in every respect identical with the protons and
neutrons that have been produced in physical laboratories, and
the extreme conditions of temperature, pressure, electrification
and neutron concentration that exist on the surface of the sun
have never been duplicated simultaneously or even approximated
artificially. Let us therefore not be so rash as to say the
formation of helium in the atmosphere of the sun from cosmic
protons and neutrons would be impossible.
From The Structure of the Atom by Carl Frederick Krafft,
BSRF, 1987-2008.
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